Hreflang

An HTML element (rel="canonical") that tells search engines which version of a URL is the primary one, preventing duplicate content issues when multiple URLs serve the same page.

Three Google metrics measuring real-world user experience: Largest Contentful Paint (loading), Interaction to Next Paint (interactivity), and Cumulative Layout Shift (visual stability).

The secure version of HTTP that encrypts data between browser and server. Google uses HTTPS as a ranking signal and Chrome labels HTTP sites as "Not Secure."

The process by which search engines execute JavaScript to see a page's full content. Googlebot renders JS but may delay indexing of JS-dependent content.

A technique that defers loading of off-screen images and resources until the user scrolls to them, improving initial page load speed.